Friedrich Hayek (pronounced HI-YACK) achieved worldwide recognition as a champion of the free market and opponent of government intervention in
British Conservative politician, party leader 1965–75. As prime minister 1970–74 he took the UK into the European Community (EC) but was brought down
Country in northwest Europe off the coast of France, comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Government The UK is a multiparty
The world awoke on April 3, 1982 to the shocking news that an Argentine invasion force had landed on the desolate Falkland Islands in the far South
The process of privatization first began after World War II, became increasingly popular since the 1980s as a neoliberal economic reform, and then
The popular concept of terrorism in the earliest years of the 21st century is often confined to acts of suicide bombings or other attacks on civilians
nonmilitary activities designed to protect civilians and their property from enemy actions in time of war. A civil defense program usually includes
in politics, the desire to maintain, or conserve, the existing order. Conservatives value the wisdom of the past and are generally opposed to
British crown colony in the South Atlantic, 480 km/300 mi east of the Straits of Magellan; area 12,173 sq km/4,700 sq mi, made up of two main islands:
Irish Eire âr'ə [to it are related the poetic Erin and perhaps the Latin Hibernia], island, 32,598 sq mi (84,429 sq km), second largest of the British
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Socialism
Movement aiming to establish a classless society by substituting public for private ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange.
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Liberalism
Liberalism offers a prescription of how the state is to deal with citizens: Loosely speaking, the state is to address citizens as equal individuals.
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Kyoto Protocol
International protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that was agreed at Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997. It
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Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 1769-1852
1769–1852, British soldier and statesman. Wellesley entered the army in 1787 and, aided by his brother Richard (later Marquess Wellesley ), rose
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Balfour, Arthur James Balfour, Earl of, 1848-1930
( băl'fʊr ), 1848–1930, British statesman; nephew of the 3d marquess of Salisbury . He entered parliament as a Conservative in 1874 and served as
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Major, John (1943 - )
British Conservative politician, prime minister 1990–97. He was foreign secretary in 1989 and chancellor of the Exchequer 1989–90. His low-key,
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Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield Benjamin (1804 - 1881)
British Conservative politician and novelist. Elected to Parliament in 1837, he was chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Derby in 1852, 1858–59, and
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Baldwin, Stanley Baldwin, Earl, 1867-1947
1867–1947, British statesman; cousin of Rudyard Kipling . The son of a Worcestershire ironmaster, he was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College,
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Peel, Sir Robert (1788 - 1850)
1788–1850, British statesman. The son of a rich cotton manufacturer, whose baronetcy he inherited in 1830, Peel entered Parliament as a Tory in 1809.
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Macmillan, (Maurice) Harold (1894 - 1986)
British Conservative politician, prime minister 1957–63; foreign secretary 1955 and chancellor of the Exchequer 1955–57. In 1963 he attempted to
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Churchill, Winston (1874 - 1965)
British Conservative politician, prime minister 1940–45 and 1951–55. In Parliament from 1900, as a Liberal until 1924, he held a number of ministerial
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Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, Earl of, 1782-1859
( rĭp'ən ), 1782–1859, British statesman, better known as Viscount Goderich. Entering Parliament as a Tory in 1806, he sponsored the unpopular corn
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Russell, Earl John (1792 - 1878)
1792–1878, British statesman; younger son of the 6th duke of Bedford, known most of his life as Lord John Russell. He became a Whig member of
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Pelham, Henry (1696 - 1754)
English Whig politician. He held a succession of offices in Robert Walpole's cabinet 1721–42, and was prime minister 1743–54. His influence in the
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Shipley, Jenny (1952 - )
New Zealand right-of-centre politician, prime minister 1997–99. She joined the conservative National Party at the age of 23 and, after a spell as a
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Lyell, Sir Charles (1797 - 1875)
Place : France Subject : biography, biology Scottish geologist who succeeded in turning the opinion of his time away from the theory that the Earth
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Clarke, Kenneth (1940 - )
British Conservative politician, Lord Chancellor 2010–12 and minister without portfolio 2012–14. A liberal, pro-European Union Conservative with a
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Blunkett, David, 1947-
British Labour politician, former education and home secretary 1994–2004 in the Blair government. A member of Labour's shadow cabinet from 1992, he
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Portland, William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, Duke of, 1738-1809
English Whig politician. He was prime minister in 1783 and 1807–09, each time as titular leader of a government dominated by stronger characters. He
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Palmerston, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Henry John Temple (1784 - 1865)
1784–1865, British statesman. His viscountcy, to which he succeeded in 1802, was in the Irish peerage and therefore did not prevent him from entering
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Bhutto, Benazir, 1953-2007
Pakistani centre-left politician, prime minister 1988–90 and 1993–96. She was leader of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) from 1984, a position she
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Attlee, C. R. (Clement Richard), 1883-1967
( ăt'lē ), 1883–1967, British statesman. Educated at Oxford, he was called to the bar in 1905. His early experience as a social worker in London's
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Pitt, the Younger William (1759 - 1806)
British Tory prime minister 1783–1801 and 1804–06. He raised the importance of the House of Commons, clamped down on corruption, carried out fiscal
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Howard, Michael (Jul 7, 1941 - )
British Conservative politician, party leader 2003–05. As Conservative leader he steered the party further to the political right, adopting an
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Gandhi, Indira (1917 - 1984)
Indira Gandhi was the first woman to be elected prime minister of the world’s most populous democracy, India. Her leadership was both long and
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Wilson, Harold, 1916-1995
British Labour politician, party leader from 1963, prime minister 1964–70 and 1974–76. His premiership was dominated by the issue of UK admission to
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Callaghan, James, 1912-2005
British Labour politician, prime minister and party leader 1976–79. He became prime minister in April 1976 after the unexpected retirement of Harold
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Canning, George, 1770-1827
1770–1827, British statesman. Canning was converted to Toryism by the French Revolution, became a disciple of William Pitt, and was his undersecretary
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Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 1836-1908
British Liberal politician, prime minister 1905–08, leader of the Liberal party 1898–1908. The Entente Cordiale was broadened to embrace Russia during
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Chamorro, Violeta (Barrios de) (Oct 18, 1929 - )
Nicaraguan newspaper publisher and politician, president 1990–96. With strong US support, she was elected to be the candidate for the United
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Merkel, Angela (1954 - )
Angela Merkel is Germany's first female chancellor. A Protestant from the former East Germany, she was elected head of state in September 2005 and
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Blair, Tony, 1953-
British Labour politician, prime minister 1997–2007. He was leader of the Labour Party 1994–2007. On standing down as prime minister in 2007, he
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Iddesleigh, Stafford Henry Northcote, Earl of, 1818-1887
British politician, leader of the Conservative Party 1880–85. He was chancellor of the Exchequer 1874–80 and foreign secretary 1886–87. As party
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Walpole, Robert, Earl of Orford, 1676-1745
1676–1745, English statesman. He was the younger son of a prominent Whig family of Norfolk. After the death of his father and elder brothers he was
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Kelly, Ruth (1968 - )
British Labour politician, secretary of state for transport 2007–08. A member of Parliament for Bolton West from 1997, she became a cabinet minister
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Meir, Golda (1898 - 1978)
Golda Meir was the fourth prime minister of Israel and one of its founders, serving in various public and political positions from the pre-state era
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Cameron, David, 1966 October 9-
British Conservative politician, party leader from 2005 and prime minister from 2010. A skilled communicator, he rose rapidly within the Conservative
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Gladstone, William (1809 - 1898)
1809–98, British statesman, the dominant personality of the Liberal party from 1868 until 1894. A great orator and a master of finance, he was deeply
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Hailsham of St. Marylebone, Quintin Hogg, Baron, 1907-2001
British Conservative politician and lawyer. Having succeeded as 2nd Viscount Hailsham in 1950, he renounced the title in 1963 to re-enter the House of
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Williams, Shirley, 1930-
British centre-left Liberal Democrat politician, leader of the party in the House of Lords 2001–04. As a member of the Labour party, she was minister
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Hague, William, 1961-
UK Conservative politician, party leader 1997–2001, foreign and Commonwealth secretary 2010–14, and first secretary of state and leader of the House
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Lloyd George, David, 1863-1945
( du'ēvôr ), 1863–1945, British statesman, of Welsh extraction. Lloyd George was a brilliantly eloquent, forceful, and creative statesman, but he was
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Brown, Gordon, 1951-
British Labour politician, prime minister and leader of the Labour Party 2007–10. He was chancellor of the Exchequer 1997–2007. He succeeded Tony
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North, Frederick, Lord, 1732-1792
1732–92, British statesman, best known as Lord North. He entered Parliament in 1754 and became a junior lord of the treasury (1759), privy councilor
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Margaret of Anjou (1430-1482)
( ăn'ju, Fr. äNzhu' ), 1430?–1482, queen consort of King Henry VI of England, daughter of René of Anjou. Her marriage, which took place in 1445, was
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Churchill, Lord Randolph (1849 - 1894)
1849–95, English statesman; son of the 7th duke of Marlborough. A sincere Tory and a founder (1883) of the Primrose League, dedicated to upholding